Intestinal microbiota metabolism of l carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis Nature Medicine Dietary allicin reduces transformation of L carnitine to TMAO through impact on gut microbiota ScienceDirect Trimethylamine N oxide (TMAO) is a small molecule produced in humans primarily by the gut liver axis and has become an important biomarker, and possible mediator, of cardiometabolic and renal disease. Dietary choline, phosphatidylcholine ( Unraveling the Formation Mechanisms of Trimethylamine N Oxide and Its Inhibition by Food Ingredients: Toward Cardioprotective Food Development Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry CIA Dove Medical Press Gut microbe derived metabolite trimethylamine N oxide activates PERK to drive fibrogenic mesenchymal differentiation: iScience